@article {2270,
	title = {Splash behavior and oily marine aerosol production by raindrops impacting oil slicks},
	journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
	volume = {780},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {536-577},
	abstract = {The high speed impact of a droplet on a bulk fluid at high We is not well understood but is relevant to the production of marine aerosol by raindrop impact on the sea surface. These splashes produce a subsurface cavity and a crown which closes into a bubble canopy, but a floating layer of immiscible oil, such as a crude oil slick, alters splash dynamics. The effects of oil layer fluid properties and thickness and droplet size and impact speed are examined by high speed visualization. Oil layer rupture and crown behavior are classified by dimensional scaling. The subsurface cavity volume for impact on thick layers is shown to depend on Re, though canopy formation at high Re introduces a competing We effect since rapid canopy closure is found to retard cavity expansion. Time-resolved kinematic measurements show that thin crude oil slicks similarly alter crown closure and cavity growth. The size and spatial distributions of airborne droplets are examined using high speed holographic microscopy. Droplets have a bimodal distribution with peaks at 50 and 225 μm and are clustered by size at different elevation angles. Small droplets (50 μm) are ejected primarily at shallow angles, indicating production by splashing within the first 100 μs and by breakup of microligaments. Larger droplets (225 μm) are found at steeper elevation angles, indicating later production by capillary instability acting on large ligaments protruding upward from the crown. Intermittent droplet release while the ligaments grow and sweep upward is thought to contribute to the size-dependent spatial ordering. Greater numbers of small droplets are produced at high elevation angles when a crude oil layer is present, indicating satellite droplet formation from ligament breakup. A crude oil layer also increases the target fluid Oh, leading to creation of an intact ejecta sheet, which then ruptures to form aerosolized oil droplets.},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/div-classtitlesplash-behaviour-and-oily-marine-aerosol-production-by-raindrops-impacting-oil-slicksdiv/59E37E077A3B5ABBB384CCD50ADD2FC2},
	author = {Murphy, D.W. and Li, C. and d{\textquoteright}Albignac, V. and Morra, D. and Katz, J.}
}
