@article {9434,
	title = {A laboratory study of particulate and gaseous emissions from crude oil and crude oil-dispersant contaminated seawater due to breaking waves},
	journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
	volume = {179},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {177-186},
	abstract = {Crude oil spill incidents occur frequently causing a verity of occupational, ecological and environmental problems.\&nbsp;Dispersants are applied to enhance the dispersion rate of crude oil slicks into the water column. In this\&nbsp;study, the aerosol size distribution from 10 nm to 20 μm, total particle-bound aromatic hydrocarbons (pPAH)\&nbsp;and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are measured in a 6 x 0.3 x 0.6m tank as plunging breaking waves\&nbsp;entrain oil slicks. The experiments are performed for seawater with slicks of crude oil, crude oil-dispersant\&nbsp;mixture and dispersant only. The measurements investigate the effects of wave energy and slick properties on the\&nbsp;temporal evolution of the emissions. The total number concentrations of particles originating from the oil dispersantmixture are 1{\textendash}2 orders of magnitude higher than those of crude oil across the entire nano-scale range,\&nbsp;reaching 100x for 20 nm particles. Conversely, the differences in concentration are small in the micron range.\&nbsp;The average concentrations of pPAH are variable but similar (150{\textendash}270 ng/m3). The VOC concentrations for\&nbsp;crude oil-dispersant mixtures are 2{\textendash}3 times lower than those of crude oil, presumably due to the surfactant effect\&nbsp;on mass diffusion. The drastic increase in ultrafine particle concentrations may raise concerns about effects of\&nbsp;inhalation by cleanup workers and downstream communities though VOC emissions reduce. Findings through\&nbsp;this study provide insight into how the spray of dispersant may change the ratio of airborne particulate matter\&nbsp;and VOC emissions from seawater due to natural processes.\&nbsp;},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S135223101830089X},
	author = {Afshar-Mohajer, Nima and Li, Cheng and Rule, Ana and Katz, Joseph and Koehler, Kirsten}
}
